Petroleum Systems :: Petrol Oil Gas Geology

Petroleum Systems I. Introduction This paper covers a very interesting topic for people who are keen on the geological concepts to the discovery of petroleum. The subject matter itself covers research findings on how related areas in petroleum discovery can be appreciated by students in this particular field; more so, by ordinary people who may or may not have a deeper level of understanding and appreciation about the wealth of the earth, particularly on petroleum. The work required of this paper is not easy. It takes a lot of patience in finding the right mix of materials that would produce the kind of output the student wants to find out and to prove his thoughts about the subject matter. Considering that the subject matter is highly technical, one has to patiently go through the rigors of reading lots of materials, comparing and writing down notes and drawing conclusions for one self. How one appreciates the subject matter and his researched work truly reflects how this paper, as a whole, is well thought about, understood and presented. It is hoped that at the end of this paper, one is able to get the bigger picture about the processes involved in the petroleum system, from its source to trap, and that he can draw for himself, in layman's terms, how processes can be understood by ordinary people. II. Petroleum Petroleum "occurs in a liquid phase as crude oil and condensate and in a gaseous phase as natural gas" (Petroleum Geology, 2003). The development of petroleum in gaseous phase is largely dependent on the "kind of source rock from which the petroleum was formed and the physical and thermal environment in which it exists" (Petroleum Geology, 2003). Petroleum is commonly identified as the crude oil, in liquid form, which is found deep below the ground surface around less than 20,000 feet. Petroleum is "found in sedimentary basins in sedimentary rocks" and for it to develop accumulations it has to meet several conditions, namely: "(1) There must be a source rock, usually high in organic matter, from which petroleum can be generated; (2) There must be a

Sally Jameson: Valuing Stock Options in a Compensation Package (Abridged)

Sally Jameson: Valuing Stock Options in a Compensation Package (Abridged) Sally Jameson, a second-year MBA student at Harvard Business School, was thrilled but confused. It was late May 1992, graduation was approaching, and she had finally landed the job of her choice. She had just finished an early morning telephone conversation with Bob Marks, the MBA recruiting coordinator at Telstar Communications, a large, publicly held multinational company. Mr. Mark had offered Ms.Jameson a unique position in operations at Telstar, and from the description, it sounded exactly like the job that she wanted Since her first interview with Telstar, she had been very impressed with the company and its people while Ms. Jameson was certain that she would accept the job, there was still one unsettled, yes crucial, matter—her compensation. During the conversation with Marks, Jameson had asked what her compensation package would be Marks: â€Å"Well, Sally, we are all very impressed with you and would like to offer you a starting salary of 50,000.In addition, you will also, receive a signing bonus† Jameson: â€Å"that has salary is a little below what I had expected. Is that negotiable? † Marks: â€Å"I’m afraid not. That’s the same starting package all MBAs get However, you will receive a bonus upon accepting our offer. You can receive $5,000 in cash, or choose stock option instead. Jameson: †I’m not too familiar with stock options. Could you explain to me what they are? † Marks: â€Å"Sure. Executives at Telstar have been eligible to receive stock options for years. The goal was to tie management’s compensation more closely to increases in shareholder value.Although our stock has performed erratically over the last ten years, the board continues to believe that stock options are the best form of incentive compensation. Because the options represent the right to buy Telstar stock at a set price, after a set period of t ime, management has an incentive to take actions to move the stock price upward. Several months ago, we had a consulting firm examine our compensation structure. They recommended that we extend eligibility for stock options to all employees as part of our new inventive-based compensation plans.Thus, the two MBAs that we hope to hire this year will be the first employees who will be offered stock options. Given that this is an experiment, we decided to give MBAs a choice between cash or options. Jameson: â€Å"How much are these options worth? † Marks: â€Å"To tell you the truth, I’m not really sure. All I know are the details: each of the 3,000 options you’ll be granted allows you to buy one share of Telstar stock at $3500 per share at the time of your fifth anniversary with the furn. Yesterday, our stock, which pays no dividend and is not expected to pay one in the foreseeable future, closed at $1875. hould you leave any point before you fifth year, you lose the options. You can’t take them with you. Casewriter’s note: stock options of this sort would more typically have been written with a strike price equal to or just slightly above the current price. Professor peter Tufano and Research Associate Michael Lewittes prepared this case. HBS cased are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Certain details have been disguised Cased are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management.Copyright 1993 President and Fellows of Harvard College To order copies or request permission to produce material, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go th http://www hbsp Harvard edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permis sion of Harvard Business School I have been told by our legal staff that these incentive stock options meet the IRS code for special treatment—that means you won’t pay any taxes on the options until you actually exercise them and then sell the shares. At that point, you gains on the shares(equal to the difference between their fair market value at that time and $3500) will be taxed at either ordinary tax rates or at capital gains rates, depending on whether you’ve held the stock for less than or more than one year after exercising the option.If you choose the cash signing bonus, it is taxed at ordinary tax rate? It’s your choice, Sally, but just between you and me, I’d take the case bonus. Telstar stock is only at $1875; it doesn’t seem to me that these options are worthe the paper thatr they’re printed on I think it’s just another example of consultants trying to justify their fees. You do what you think it best; either way, t hough, I need to know by tomorrow if you accept the offer and, if you do, which compensation package you’d prefer â€Å"While Bob Marks seemed to prefer the cash bonus, Sally Jameson was less sure. Taking out her Wall Street Journal, she noticed that both short-term and long-term. Telstar options were traded (seed Exhibit 1). Form an online financial database, she got a graph of Telstar’s common stock price and a plot of the historical volatility of the stock price as measured by the annualized standard deviation of the stock’s returns (see Exhibits 2 and 3). She also found data on government bill, note, and bond yields that would be useful in her analysis (see Exhibit 4).As she thought about the problem, she decided to approach it in two steps: first, she would attempt to determine what the options were worth, assuming she stayed at Telstar for at least five years. Then, she would consider other issues, including the likelihood that she might not stay at Telst ar that long.

Analysis Of Dulce Et Decorum Est - 959 Words

Analysis of How Sweet it Really is to Die for One’s Country â€Å"It is sweet and honorable to die for one’s country† (Horace). Although many American’s believe this statement to be true, Wilfred Owen disputes it in his poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†. Owen uses an oppressed and fearful but accusatory tone along with similes, imagery, rhythm, and diction to show his disapproval of the war. With the diction and rhythm used in the story of a gas attack paired with figurative language, Owen brings his audience into the war with him and proves that it is anything but sweet to die for one’s country. During his recount of a gas attack, Owen uses similes to help convey the desperation he and his comrades faced during World War I. In fact, in his†¦show more content†¦Soon, this worry turns into horror as Owen describes the man as â€Å"guttering, choking, and drowning† (Owen 494) on the the air surrounding him. Owen explains to t he audience that he wishes they could have been there to â€Å"watch the white eyes writhing† and â€Å"hear, at every jolt, the blood / Come gargling from fourth-corrupted lungs† (Owen 494), as the man is taken away. Also, by using such vivid words, Owen helps his audience to truly understand the casualties of war by creating an oppressed and fearful but accusatory tone. Owen paints a picture of the oppressiveness of war and the fears that constantly follow them to help create the tone. Owen talks about the repercussions of war and how the soldiers never rest completely because they are always on the lookout for another attack. Once optimistic, young, healthy soldiers have been turned into depressed, fatigued, and hunger ridden shells of the human beings they once were (Spacey). By comparing parts the war to â€Å"smothering dreams† and to being as â€Å"obscene as cancer† (Owen 494), Owen proves that the war is not anything of which to be proud. H owever, it is in the last few lines that Owen truly expresses his disapproval of the war. He says it is a lie to tell children that it is sweet and honorable to die for one’s country. He accuses America for taking advantage of young men who are â€Å"ardent for some desperate glory† (Owen 494) by convincing them that war is a way to receive that glory. OwenShow MoreRelatedDulce Et Decorum Est Analysis Essays1122 Words   |  5 Pages‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ Essay For years, war and the honour of war has been built up and glorified unfairly by the media in cartoons, movies, games, news and even songs as well as warmongers trying to cash in on unsuspecting and gullible young men who want to be recognized as heroes. Wilfred Owen, who had served in World War 1 and died while defending his country age 25, wrote the poem ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ as an attempt to dismantle the unrealistic expectations about war that boys who are ‘ardentRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen795 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen The First World War saw the introduction of many new warfare technologies across its theatres due to industrial competition between rival nations. One of the most feared weapons amongst soldiers on both sides was gas. The usage of chlorine, phosgene and mustard gas caused the death of thousands of men by suffocation. Wilfred Owens poem Dulce Et Decorum Est gives a detailed description of a soldier dying from a gas attackRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s `` Dulce Et Decorum Est ``1256 Words   |  6 Pagesdespite him only having had 4 poems published in his lifetime, though he did write many more. His poems truly did capture the terror and harsh truth of the hardships the soldiers faced in the trenches everyday during World War I, evident in â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est†. Most poets however, chose to glorify the war, making it seem noble and marvelous. It was Owens honesty that made him remembered. Wilfred Owen had started out as a boy eager to serve his country to only become angry at what there was to beRead MoreCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† Wilfred Owen’s poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, is a powerful poem with graphical lifelike images on the reality of war. It is blatantly apparent that the author was a soldier who experienced some of the most gruesome images of war. His choice of words, diction, tone, syntax, and metaphor’s paint a vivid picture in a brilliant poem. His choice for the poem’s name is ironical in itself. The entire phrase is â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est Pro patriaRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Charge Of The Light Brigade And Dulce Et Decorum Est Essay1216 Words   |  5 Pagesdetail in their works â€Å"Charge of the Light Brigade† and â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est,† respectively, Tennyson describes the courage and honor of warfare, whereas Owen goes into more detail about the horrors and atrocities that go hand-in-hand with war. Tennyson describes a battle in which 600 bold and courageous men storm a valley, which he refers to as the â€Å"Valley of Deat h† (line 7), to meet their almost inevitable death. Owen in his â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est,† describes a scene from World War I in which soldiersRead MoreAnalysis of Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen Essay485 Words   |  2 PagesAnalysis of Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen In the poem, Dulce et Decorum Est written by Wilfred Owen, the speaker appears to be a soldier in the army, warning young people eager for war, â€Å"children ardent for some desperate glory,† that war is not what it seems. The soldier explains to the reader through first hand experience that fighting for one’s country is not as glorious a task as it may appear to be. One shouldn’t believe the lie that is told about how itRead MoreAnalysis Of Dulce Et Decorum Est By Wilfred Owen1688 Words   |  7 PagesDulce Et Decorum Est This poem is a reflection of the nightmarish experience that Wilfred Owen had encountered during his experiences fighting in France during WW1. This poem deals with both sadness and loss. The actual form of this poem consists of a rhyme scheme that goes ABAB CDCD EFEF. The meter of the poem consists of five beats that contain a short, unstressed syllable followed along by a longer, stressed syllable. Therefore, the meter of this poem is an iambic pentameter. EX: Knock kneedRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Dulce Et Decorum Est938 Words   |  4 Pagessense of ideals, morals, and social aspects thanks to many of the war poets during that time period. Wilfred Owen is known to be one of the most famous war poets during the twentieth century especially during the First World War when he wrote â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†. His poem details the horrors these soldiers faced in the trenches during World War 1 and conveys the hidden meaning that â€Å"it is sweet and honorable† to die for one’s country is untrue. Owen is able to deliver his message and express his ideasRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Dulce Et Decorum Est994 Words   |  4 Pageswill continue to haunt them. The memories of killing, friends being killed, almosts, etc. War contains many horrors like these. The saying, â€Å"Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori,† was once believed; it means that it is sweet and fitting to die for one’s country. Because Wilfred Owen knew the horrors, he opposes this saying in his poem â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est.† The narrator provides vivid images of his experience in WWI which includes both the exhaustion the soldiers endured while walking to their nextRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Dulce Et Decorum Est1015 Words   |  5 Pagesteamed up with a fellow officer to design an improvement of the gas mask. Then a year later, he wrote the poem â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est,† in which an episode of the lethal gas occurs that kills soldiers. According to the Encyclopedia of World Biography it says, â€Å"Although the poem describes the senseless horrors of war, its title ironically evokes a Latin quotation from Horace: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, or Sweet and decorous it is to die for one s country.† When he suffe red a concussion from